According to the quality requirements of products, the selection of raw materials and process conditions, the cathode carbon blocks in China are divided into 3 categories: common cathode carbon block, semi graphite carbon block and graphite carbon block. Ordinary cathode carbon block with 1250 to 1350 degrees Celsius calcined anthracite as the main raw material. Semi graphite carbon block according to the production process is divided into two different.

　　Which is a kind of high quality high temperature calcined anthracite or graphite fragments more even with all the bits of graphite as aggregate, green products after forming only after calcination (calcination temperature less than 1200 DEG C) is no longer in the graphite furnace heat treatment, the carbon block called semi graphite carbon block.

　　Another with more easily to the graphite of the coke for aggregate, raw material after baking and then enter the graphite furnace in 1800 to 2000 degrees Celsius temperature for heat treatment, this kind of carbon block called semi graphite (chemical) carbon block. The strength and hardness of the former is higher, and the conductivity of the latter is better. Graphite carbon block, in order to ease the graphite coke as raw material, the temperature of its graphite processing should reach about 2500.

　　The difference between the semi - graphite carbon block and the graphite carbon block lies in the degree of the ordered arrangement of the products, which is different from the degree of the degree of. The size of the product can be used to indicate the extent of the degree of graphite. The crystal lattice of the graphite carbon block is basically in a state of orderly arrangement, and the resistivity is less than 15 mu m; the degree of the semi graphite carbon block is low or only partially, and the resistivity is 15 to 45 m. In the process, the heat treatment temperature, the heat treatment of the semi graphite carbon block is about 2000 degrees Celsius, and the temperature of the graphite carbon block is 2800 to 2500 degrees Celsius. Common cathode carbon block, the resistivity of 50 ~ 60 mu m. Graphite cathode carbon block China has not been applied.

　　The expandable graphite was first discovered by the German scientist Shafautl when he immersed the graphite into concentrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid in 1841. But until the year of 1963, The Union Carbide Company in the United States first applied the patent of preparation of sealing material by the expansion graphite, and it was real used in the industrial production in the beginning of 1968 . Later, Countries in the world have launched the expansion of graphite research and development, and get serious scientific research and results, so in the current , the expansion graphite has become a kind of very important function of graphite materials.

　　The expandable graphite can be rapid expansion, expansion ratio of up to several tens to hundreds of even thousands of times under high temperature heating , the apparent volume of expanded graphite was 250 ~ 300mL/g or more, the graphite after expansion is wormlike, its size between a few tenths of millimeters to a few millimeters, with a large number of unique network like porous structure in the interior, called expanded graphite or graphite worm, the expanded graphite has many special properties.

　　The expandable graphite can be used in iron and steel, metallurgy, petroleum, chemical engineering, aerospace, atomic energy and other industrial sectors, its application fields are very widely. For example, the expandable graphite can be used as a flame retardant, and is used for fireproof plastic products, fire retardant composite materials and products;

　　The expandable graphite can be used as a multi band stealth smoke agent and shielding materials, it’s widely used in the military field. The flexible graphite products which is made of expanded graphite was known as the "seal of the king." it plays an important role in the field of mechanical seal, fireproof material; the expanded graphite can be used as a sorbent material for recycling of waste and wastewater treatment as the microbial carrier in the field of environmental protection.

　　The carbon fiber (CF) is a new type of fiber material with high strength , high modulus and fiber content is more than 95% . It is made up of organic fibers, such as flake graphite crystallites which are made up of organic fibers along the axial direction of the fibers. It’s a crystallites graphite material by carbonization and graphitization treatment. The carbon fiber is lighter than metal aluminum,but the strength is higher than the iron and steel, it has the characteristics of corrosion resistance and high modulus,the carbon fiber is the important material in the national defense and civilian areas . It not only has the intrinsic characteristics of carbon materials, but also has the flexibility of textile fibers,it is a new generation of reinforced fiber.

　　The carbon fiber has many excellent properties, it has high axial strength and high modulus, low density, high performance, no creep, non oxidation under the environment of high temperature resistance, good fatigue resistance, between heat and electrical conductivity between the metal and non metal, smaller thermal expansion coefficient and anisotropy, good corrosion resistance, X Radiability good. Good conductive thermal conductivity, electromagnetic shielding, etc..

　　Comparing with the traditional glass fiber, the young's modulus of the carbon fiber is more than it 3 times; compared with Kevlar fiber, the young's modulus is about 2 times,it doesn’t dissolve and expand in the organic solvent, acid and alkali, it has outstanding corrosion resistance.

　　Our company can product the carbon fiber soft felt and rigid felt (curing felt and heat insulation barrels) , the thickness of our carbon felt and graphitization soft felt is from 0.5 mm ~60 mm, the diameter of preform carbon felt can up to 1000 mm, heat insulation barrels can be 1.5 meters, height to 2.2 meters. Our carbon fiber products are widely used in battery energy storage, single crystal furnace and oil chemical gasification furnace insulation, aviation engine blade manufacturing, thermal power plant water treatment, manufacturing carbon / carbon materials preform.

　　The isostatic pressure graphite is a kind of new graphite material. Because it have a series of and good characteristic, from but make it with the high and nwe technique of the now, the sophisticated technique in national defense is join close mutually. It is graphite crystallize machine that single crystal silicon furnace in manufacturing that material, the metals continuum casting the electricity spark processes to use graphite eletrode can't substitute etc. Also is extremely good material for make a fire pole of the rocket, encourage the pole and spray the mouth with the rudder plank,and a deceleration materials and reflect materials in the graphite nuclear reactor.

　　Carbon graphite materials in the manufacturing process, due to the different molding methods, the performance of different directions will be different. Mainly manifested in: resistivity, thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, thermal expansion coefficient, etc.. The general method for the determination of the products is: according to the pressure surface vertical direction and horizontal direction on the pressure surface sampling properties were determined, and then using the least square data, divided by the maximum side of the data, we can get the isotropic ratio. Usually calculated by the determination of the coefficient of expansion.

　　For the manufacture of fine structure, dense texture, uniform microstructure of carbon graphite materials, using powder (rather than paste) is the only way. And the pressing method and the static pressure method are used to press the powder. In the molding process, either a single or double pressing pressing, the friction force (carbon particles and products between the mold and the influence of the pressure transfer) will be gradually reduced, resulting in uneven density. This difference increases with the increase of the height of the product.

　　When using the static press molding, the product is uniform in all directions, the volume density is uniform, and is not limited by the height of the product

　　Many reasons for roasting products cracking, such as formula rationality, binder amount, unit pressure, baking curve speed, the uniformity of heating products and roasting process of "leaching of low temperature oxygen", filling material properties and so on, but it is undeniable that the uneven density volume is one of the products. The main culprit defect inside the product structure caused by roasting cracking. This is because the volume density is different, there are differences in the expansion coefficient, in the roasting process, the internal stress will be generated. When the stress exceeds the strength of the product itself, it will crack due to internal stress. This cracking is not only produced in the roasting process, but also is easy to produce in the cooling process.

　　According to the change of the surface wettability of graphite felt, the operation conditions of Shi Mozhan's treatment were determined. The graphite felt acid treated with nitric acid treated as an electrode material, the surface wettability of graphite felt significantly increased after acidification treatment, the surface contact angle decreased with graphite felt, graphite felt nitric acid is used as electrode material, current output increased and stable.

　　Microbial fuel cell is a microbial as the anode catalyst, can be directly in the water samples can be degraded organic compounds of chemical energy into electrical energy.

　　The performance of anode material usually directly affects the rate of electron transfer and mass transfer, and then affects the performance of the sensor.

　　Graphite felt has good conductivity, large surface area, high mechanical strength, so often used as anode materials, electrochemical activity but Shi Mozhan often fail to use electrode material requirements, mainly for microbial adhesion is weak, the modification is the main method to improve the activity of carbon materials, the hydrophilicity of the material surface the greatly improved after treatment to mass transfer of microbial growth and substrate adsorption.

　　Commonly used carbon materials modification methods include acid treatment "heat treatment" electrochemical oxidation treatment and ammonia treatment, acid treatment with convenient operation, good effect and so on.

　　The wettability of graphite felt surface affects the adsorption of cells on the surface of the surface and the mass transfer capability, the contact angle is generally used to indicate that the smaller the contact angle, the better the wettability of the material.

　　Nitric acid treatment improved the wettability of graphite felt, and promoted the adhesion of microorganisms on the surface of the surface, so that the rapid growth of microorganisms in the graphite felt electrode enrichment, the formation of a stable biofilm.

　　The graphite piping is a combination of non transparent graphite tube and pipe fittings, it can be divided into two kinds of graphite profiling tube and impregnation tube.

　　Graphite profiling tube is made of the graphite powder and a certain proportion of the resin after mixing kneading and extruding, also known as the graphite plastic pipe. Graphite tube is used as heat exchanger tube.

　　The impregnated graphite tube is divided into two categories, one is a thermoset resin graphite profiling tube , it’s got from roasting by high temperature (700 DEG C) and then impregnated with resin or we roast ,graphitiz and impregnate the extrusion pipe which as pitch the binder material. The former is called the carbonization tube, and the latter is called the graphite tube. This kind of graphite tube is also used for heat exchange tube; the other is the graphite rod which is processed into the tube and then impregnated with the resin, or the casting tube after the baking and impregnated with the resin. The casting pipe is cast by the mold after mixing the graphite powder and thermoset resin . The inner diameter of the graphite product is larger, it is mainly used for conveying pipe.

　　The graphite piping has three links, four links, elbow, inner and outer joints, pipe end cover, pipe flange, plug, pipe compensator, etc.. In addition to the single or small batch production by the preparation method of bulk graphite impregnated after processing, the main graphite pipe is made by compression molding manufacturing method, namely, the natural or artificial graphite powder with a certain amount of thermoset resin at room temperature or heating atmospheric pressure or under pressure after molding, with a little amount of mechanical processing and heat treatment were prepared by dipping.

　　The connection method of graphite piping has bonding, thread connection, flange or the open loop plus the way of the flange, etc.. Encrypted sealing element for plane contact surface. The long pipe, it need add pipeline compensator to eliminate the effects of thermal expansion and contraction, and it’s often fixed with support and rings. Sometimes the outer side of the graphite tube is reinforced with a metal shell.

　　The Graphite piping is used for conveying corrosive medium without metal ion pollution, and it also has good thermal conductivity, it can be used as air cooling or water cooling purposes. In chlor alkali industry, the graphite piping is HCl synthesis and the ideal gas pipeline equipment between the cooling absorption unit.

　　EDM is a new processing technology in machinery manufacturing industry, EDM of many high hardness metal processing, and processing of complex shape, high precision parts, can be used as a tool for the anode copper material, also can use graphite materials. Graphite material used as a tool electrode for electrical discharge machining must have the following conditions:

　　(1) the structure is compact and uniform, and there should not be coarse particles and large pores;

　　(2) has high mechanical strength, and good processing performance, can produce acute, flake shape or complex;

　　;

　　(3) the graphite electrode, which has a certain loss in the process of EDM, which should be as low as possible;

　　(4) the discharge characteristics are stable and the processing speed is fast. So the graphite is usually used in the process of electric discharge machining, and the structure of graphite with fine grain structure or extra fine grain structure is used. So the current Chinese electric spark machining graphite materials used in the market is more isotropic graphite structure.

　　In 2005, the domestic demand for electrical discharge machining of graphite is estimated to be 4000T, which uses high-grade graphite about 25%, using middle and low grade graphite accounting for about 75%. In the future may be increased by 10% in the year increased by. The use of imported high-grade graphite (mainly isotropic static pressure molding of isotropic graphite) about 10% of the total amount. There are many varieties of isotropic graphite used in EDM, which can be used in rough machining, semi finish machining, precision machining, ultra precision machining and precision machining

　　Foundry machinery industry in the extensive use of graphite materials as mould pressure casting, centrifugal casting, super hard alloy hot extrusion processing, to train wheels, small precision parts can be used in graphite mold. The graphite mould can be repeatedly used for many times, and the casting after the mold release has a high degree of finish, and some can be used without further processing. As the graphite casting mould should be compact and low coefficient of thermal expansion of graphite, good oxidation resistance, used for casting the larger size of the graphite can be composed of coarse grains and small precision parts for casting graphite must use the fine particle structure of graphite. China used to manufacture a large number of graphite mold, in 2005 for the continuous casting of graphite about 1500t, the need for the use of graphite for sintering 4000t. Table 4 shows the fine structure of graphite carbon factory production in Shanghai Jilin Carbon group specifications and technical performance.

　　In the graphite mould with metal continuous casting graphite quality requirements of the most stringent requirements of the high thermal conductivity, good thermal stability and thermal shock resistance, good lubrication, no infiltration of molten metal, and metal casting reaction, easy processing and mold precise dimensions. The characteristics of continuous casting graphite are as follows: bulk density 1.7-1.9g/cm, flexural strength 30-40MPa, tensile strength 20-30MPa, thermal conductivity 100 < 130 W/ (m K).

　　MM 200 X 1260 X mm 280 mm X mm 1000 X mm 70 240 mm casting speed according to the size of the cast plate varies according to the size of the plate. The range is 0.7 m/min ~4. The fine grain structure graphite formed by the cold pressed fine granular structure graphite or the like can be processed into a metal continuous casting graphite piece.

　　High purity graphite generally refers to the amount of carbon containing more than 99.99% of graphite in the organizational structure can be divided into three categories: coarse grain structure, fine grain structure and fine grain structure. The base material for integrated circuits is mainly single crystal silicon chip, silicon single crystal growth process is currently mainly used in Czochralski (CZ) method, and other methods of magnetic Czochralski method (MCZ), regional (FZ) method and double crucible pulling method, the total amount of single crystal silicon 80% monocrystalline silicon with the global electronics industry. Czochralski graphite furnace is monocrystalline silicon using consumables, high purity graphite materials into the heating system of monocrystalline silicon furnace. In 2005 China needs to be directly drawn silicon single crystal furnace with graphite about 800 t. [1]

　　Another important use of high purity graphite is processed into various kinds of crucible, used for the production of precious metals, rare metals or high pure metal, non-metallic materials. Graphite electrode is also a kind of high purity graphite, which can be used for the spectral analysis of all elements except for carbon. The impurity content of finished product should be less than 6*10 were prepared by chemical method and standard sample collection for impurity spectrum of pure carbon powder or graphite pure spectrum in spectrum analysis, the two kinds of high purity materials of impurity content requirements are at 6 *10; in some cases, to the carbon content reached 99.9995% the total ash content of less than 5 *10. The molding methods of high purity graphite include three kinds of forming methods, such as extrusion, molding, and static pressing. Table 9 the physical and chemical properties of high purity graphite products made in China

　　Graphene is a two-dimensional crystal, the common people of the graphite is plane carbon atoms stacked by a layer with honeycomb ordered formed, graphite layer interaction is weak, it is easy to form each other off, graphite sheet. When the graphite sheet is stripped into a single layer, it is only a single layer of carbon atoms. The latest discovery of graphene is one of the most effective ways to prevent corrosion. Commonly used polymer coating is very easy to be scratched, reduce the protection performance; and graphene to do the protective film, significantly slow down the corrosion rate of metal, more robust anti damage. Graphene is not only used in the electronics industry star, traditional industry prospects are limitless. Its application direction: marine corrosion protection, metal corrosion, heavy anti-corrosion and other fields. Graphene has good thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. However, graphene, which can help the existing notebook computers, smart phones, LED display and so on, graphene can help to improve the heat dissipation performance greatly.

　　Characteristic of graphene

　　Electrical conductivity

　　Graphene integrated circuit

　　The stable lattice structure of graphene makes carbon atoms have excellent electrical conductivity. The electrons in graphene will not be scattered due to the lattice defects or the introduction of exotic atoms when they move in orbit. The interatomic force is very strong, under normal temperature, even if the surrounding carbon atoms occur bump interference, electrons in graphene is very small.

　　mechanical properties

　　Graphene is known to be the highest intensity of human material, harder than diamonds, strength is higher than the world's best steel 100 times higher. The mechanical properties of graphene were studied by physicists at the Columbia University. They selected some 20 to 10 micron graphene particles. The researchers first put these graphene samples on a surface that is drilled with holes in the thin plate, the diameter of which is between 1.5 and 1 microns. Then, they put pressure on the graphene sheets placed on the holes with a diamond probe, to test their ability to withstand.

　　Before the graphene sample particles began to break, they can withstand the maximum pressure of nm per 100 nm actually reached about 2.9 micro cattle. According to scientists estimates, this result is equivalent to 55 Newton pressure to be applied to the 1 meter long graphene fracture. If it is made into a packaging bag, it will be able to withstand the weight of about two tons.

　　Saturated absorption

　　When the input light intensity exceeds a threshold value, this unique absorption property becomes saturated. This kind of nonlinear optical behavior is called saturable absorption, and the threshold value is called the saturation flow. To give intense visible or near infrared excitation, because the total absorption of graphene and the zero energy gap, graphene is very easy to become saturated. Graphene can be used for mode locking of fiber lasers. With the preparation of graphene as a saturable absorber can achieve full band locking. Because of the special nature of the ultrafast photonics, graphene has wide range of applications.

　　Spin transport

　　Scientists believe graphene is an ideal material for the spin electronics, because of its spin orbit effect is very small, and almost no nuclear magnetic moment of carbon element. The non local magnetoresistance effect can be used to measure the high reliability of spin injection in graphene films at room temperature, and the observed spin coherence length is more than 1 microns. Use the switch, can control the polarity of the spin current.

　　Interaction of electrons

　　Graphene electronics and electronics and honeycomb grid existed among the strong interaction. Scientists with the United States Berkeley Laurence National Laboratory's advanced light source (ALS), the electronic synchrotron. The intensity of the light generated by the accelerator is equivalent to 100 million times the intensity of the medical X - ray. Scientists use this strong light source observation found that the electrons in graphene is not only strong interaction with the honeycomb lattice, but also has a strong interaction between electrons and electrons.